Corinthian Colleges, Inc. was a publicly traded for-profit education company headquartered in Santa Ana, California, founded in 1995 and dissolved in 2015. Operating under the brands Everest College, Heald College, and WyoTech, it grew into one of the largest for-profit college chains in the United States — more than 110,000 students at roughly 105 campuses across the U.S. and Canada at its 2010 peak — and then collapsed almost overnight in April 2015, leaving about 16,000 students enrolled at the end and well over 100,000 former students holding debt for credentials that often led nowhere.
The business was not, at bottom, a school. It was a machine for converting federal financial aid into shareholder revenue. The overwhelming majority of Corinthian’s money came from taxpayers via Title IV grants and loans; its growth depended on recruiting as many low-income, first-generation, and veteran students as possible and enrolling them fast. To do that, the company advertised job-placement rates that government investigators later found to be fabricated — graduates counted as “placed” while working at grocery stores and fast-food counters, employers paid to hire alumni for two days, fictitious employers invented outright. And because federal aid alone did not cover the high tuition, Corinthian pushed students into a high-cost in-house private loan program called Genesis, then used aggressive collection tactics against borrowers who were still enrolled.
The end came not from the market but from the regulator’s hand on the tap. In June 2014, the U.S. Department of Education, frustrated by Corinthian’s failure to substantiate its placement data, imposed a 21-day hold on the federal aid the company lived on. For a firm running on cash flow with little cushion, three weeks was fatal. A managed wind-down followed — campuses sold to a nonprofit arm of the guaranty agency ECMC, others marked for teach-out — and then, in April 2015, the remaining schools simply closed.
What Corinthian became, in death, was bigger than what it was in life. The students it left behind — many of them exactly the people federal aid exists to help — turned a forgotten clause of the Higher Education Act into a movement. “Borrower defense to repayment,” a defense almost no one had ever invoked, became the vehicle for the largest student-debt cancellation in American history. In 2022 the Education Department discharged the federal loans of every remaining Corinthian borrower: roughly 5.8 billion dollars for some 560,000 people.
ITT Technical Institute was the operating brand of ITT Educational Services, Inc., a publicly traded for-profit education company incorporated in 1969 and headquartered in Carmel, Indiana. For nearly five decades it sold associate and bachelor’s degrees in technology, electronics, drafting, and criminal justice to working adults, and at its end it ran more than 130 campuses across 38 states with roughly 40,000 students and 8,000 employees. On September 6, 2016, it closed all of them at once, with no teach-out and no warning, and ten days later filed for liquidation. It was, until that point, one of the largest abrupt college shutdowns in American history.
Like its peers in the sector, ITT was a federal-aid business wearing the clothes of a school. The vast majority of its revenue arrived as Title IV grants and loans, which made the company structurally dependent on a single funder it could not afford to anger. It angered everyone. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau sued in 2014 over a private-loan program that pushed students into high-cost debt; the Securities and Exchange Commission charged the company and its top two executives with fraud in 2015 for concealing the collapse of those same loan programs from investors; and its accreditor, the much-criticized ACICS, put it on notice that it could lose the accreditation without which no federal aid flows at all.
The killing blow was administrative. In August 2016, the U.S. Department of Education, concluding that ITT was a poor steward of public money and might not survive, barred the company from enrolling any new students who relied on federal aid and demanded a large surety payment. For a firm that lived on the daily inflow of federal dollars, a ban on its only customers was terminal. Days later ITT told its students the schools were gone.
What ITT left behind was the familiar wreckage of the for-profit collapse — about 40,000 students cut off mid-program, credits that rarely transferred because few legitimate institutions recognized them, and a debt that outlived the company. It also left a precedent. In 2022 the Education Department discharged the federal loans of every former ITT student enrolled after 2005: about 3.9 billion dollars for some 208,000 borrowers, one of the largest such cancellations on record.
The Art Institutes were a national chain of for-profit art and design schools that traced their lineage to the Art Institute of Pittsburgh, founded in 1921. Built into a system by the Education Management Corporation (EDMC) after it acquired the Pittsburgh school around 1970, the chain peaked in 2012 at roughly 50 campuses and some 80,000 students studying graphic design, photography, culinary arts, fashion, and animation. It died in stages over the following decade and then, on September 30, 2023, switched off its last eight campuses with less than a week’s notice, stranding about 1,700 students at the very end of a 102-year arc.
The decline was not an accident of the market; it was, in large part, the consequence of how the business was run. In 2015 EDMC paid 95.5 million dollars to settle U.S. Justice Department allegations that it had illegally paid its recruiters by headcount — running “boiler room” enrollment operations that signed up students with little chance of succeeding so the federal aid would flow. It was the largest settlement of its kind in the for-profit education sector. Enrollment, already sliding, never recovered.
Then came the mismanagement chapter. In 2017 EDMC sold the schools to the Dream Center Foundation, a Los Angeles Pentecostal organization with no track record running colleges and grand plans to convert them to nonprofit status. The Dream Center’s stewardship was a catastrophe: it ran the affiliated Argosy University into the ground, withheld federal-aid stipends owed to students, and lurched toward insolvency within two years. The Art Institutes were shunted to another nonprofit, the Education Principle Foundation, which managed a slow, quiet wind-down until the last campuses simply closed.
What the chain left behind was a long roster of art students with credits that rarely transferred and debt that frequently outlasted the schools. In 2024 the federal government delivered the reckoning: it discharged roughly 6 billion dollars in loans for about 317,000 former Art Institutes students, finding the schools had systematically misled them — a mass cancellation that closed the books on a century of art education turned into an aid-harvesting machine.
Westwood College was a for-profit chain that began in Denver in 1953 as the Denver Institute of Technology, a legitimate trade school, and ended in March 2016 as a cautionary tale about a degree that promised a career it could not provide. Renamed Westwood in 1997 and operated by the privately held Alta Colleges, it grew to about 15 campuses across five states plus a large online division, teaching criminal justice, graphic design, business, and technology to working adults. It stopped enrolling new students in November 2015 and closed for good a few months later, one more casualty of the for-profit reckoning of the mid-2010s.
What set Westwood apart was the specific, documented nature of its deception. Its marquee program was criminal justice, sold with the implication that graduates could become police officers. The problem was concrete and disqualifying: the degree did not carry the accreditation that many police departments required, so students who completed it — and took on substantial debt to do so — frequently could not get the very jobs the recruiting had implied. The school also pushed students into a high-cost institutional financing program, sometimes at interest rates near 18 percent.
State attorneys general moved against it. Colorado settled with Westwood in 2012 over deceptive-trade-practices and lending-law violations, extracting penalties and direct restitution to students. Illinois sued the same year, alleging the criminal-justice program misled students about job prospects and the program’s true cost; Westwood settled in 2015, agreeing to put 15 million dollars toward those students’ loans. By then the federal regulatory climate had tightened around for-profits, enrollment was collapsing, and Westwood chose to stop enrolling rather than continue.
The closure stranded a final cohort of students, but Westwood’s larger legacy played out afterward. In 2021 the federal government began discharging the loans of former Westwood students, crediting state attorneys general for the evidence, and in August 2022 it cancelled roughly 1.5 billion dollars for about 79,000 borrowers who had attended between 2002 and 2015 — a mass discharge built on the finding that Westwood had routinely misled the people it enrolled.
Globe University was a Minnesota-based for-profit college network, founded in 1885 as Globe College and rebranded “Globe University” in 2007, that collapsed in 2016 after a state court found it had defrauded its own students. Together with its sister institution, the Minnesota School of Business — founded in 1877, one of the oldest business schools in the state — it operated under the Myhre family’s ownership across roughly two dozen campuses in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and South Dakota, peaking near 10,000 students around 2009. For a for-profit chain, it had an unusually long and locally respectable history. That history did not save it.
The institution’s undoing was a single program. Globe and the Minnesota School of Business marketed a criminal-justice degree to students who wanted to become police officers, probation officers, and parole agents — careers with specific statutory licensure and training requirements in Minnesota. The schools’ degree did not meet those requirements and could not lead to those jobs. Students paid between roughly $40,000 and $80,000, between 2009 and 2015, for a credential the court found provided “no value” toward the careers they had been recruited to pursue. In 2014 the Minnesota Attorney General sued. In September 2016, a Hennepin County District Court judge ruled that the schools had committed consumer fraud and deceptive trade practices.
The fraud finding was the lever that turned off the money. Under federal law, a school judicially determined to have committed fraud can be cut off from Title IV student aid, and the U.S. Department of Education notified the schools that, effective December 31, 2016, none of their locations would remain eligible for federal financial aid. For an institution that, like every chain in this file, lived on federal money, that was the end. The Minnesota operations were ordered to stop, and by 2017 all Globe and Minnesota School of Business campuses in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and South Dakota had closed.
What distinguishes Globe is that the killing blow came not from an accreditor or a missed financial-responsibility test but from a courtroom, where a judge examined a single product the school sold and found it fraudulent. The case became a landmark for state enforcement against for-profit deception, and it eventually delivered defrauded students tens of millions of dollars in debt forgiveness and restitution — relief built on a fraud finding rather than a regulator’s discretion.
Marinello Schools of Beauty was a nationwide chain of cosmetology schools, founded in 1905 in La Crosse, Wisconsin, that ceased operations on February 5, 2016. By its end it ran 56 campuses across California, Connecticut, Kansas, Nevada, and Utah, enrolling roughly 4,300 students — aspiring hairdressers, estheticians, and nail technicians, many of them low-income, immigrant, and first-generation students paying their way with federal grants and loans. The closure was effectively instantaneous: students who arrived for class one week found the doors locked the next, their clock-hours toward a state license suddenly worth nothing.
What killed Marinello was not a bad market or a shrinking applicant pool. It was the U.S. Department of Education’s hand on the federal-aid tap. On February 1, 2016, the Department notified five Marinello entities — encompassing 23 of the locations — that it had denied recertification of their eligibility to participate in Title IV student-aid programs, citing a failure to administer that aid with the required “high degree of care and diligence.” The findings were damning: the company had requested federal aid for students holding invalid high-school diplomas, withheld portions of students’ aid awards, charged students for excessive “overtime,” and delivered instruction so thin that the Department concluded students were being used as unpaid salon labor.
For a for-profit cosmetology chain that lived on Title IV revenue, the loss of aid eligibility was not a setback but an execution. Three days after the recertification denial, Marinello’s officials told the Department and state regulators that, effective the next morning, they would cease operations and instruction at all 56 locations nationwide. There was no teach-out, no orderly wind-down, no arrangement to let students within weeks of a license finish in place. A 111-year-old name simply went dark over a weekend.
The aftermath ran for years and ended in vindication for the students. The Department ultimately determined that Marinello’s misconduct was “pervasive and widespread,” and in April 2022 approved roughly $238 million in loan discharges for some 28,000 Marinello borrowers — a finding that the debt those students had been talked into was never legitimately owed. The schools that took their money did not survive to repay it.
Computer Learning Centers, Inc. was a publicly traded for-profit chain of computer-training schools headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia, founded in 1967 and shut down in January 2001. For most of its life it was a quiet, profitable trade school. Then, riding the late-1990s technology boom, it went public on NASDAQ in 1995 under the ticker CLCX, expanded with the speed the era rewarded, and grew to roughly two dozen campuses across eleven states and three more in Canada — about 12,000 students at its 1998 peak — selling the most marketable promise of the moment: a fast credential and a job in information technology.
The promise rested on federal money. By the late 1990s about three-quarters of the company’s revenue came from federal student loans and grants, which made enrollment volume the only number that mattered and made aggressive recruiting the company’s core skill. That skill, regulators concluded, had curdled into something illegal. Students filed complaints that the training was thin, the equipment dated, and the job placements the recruiters had promised never materialized. State attorneys general and the Federal Trade Commission took notice. And the U.S. Department of Education, examining how the company recruited, found that Computer Learning Centers paid its admissions staff commissions tied to the number of students they signed up — a practice the Higher Education Act forbids precisely because it turns a school into a sales operation.
The end was administrative, not market-driven. In December 2000 the Education Department moved to strip the company of its eligibility for federal aid and demanded repayment of roughly 187.5 million dollars tied to the recruiting violations. For a business that lived on the daily flow of Title IV money, the loss of that eligibility was terminal. On January 22, 2001, Computer Learning Centers closed; days later it filed for bankruptcy. Students learned the news from signs taped to classroom doors, postings online, and recorded telephone messages.
It was one of the first big for-profit collapses of the modern era, and in miniature it contained nearly the whole script the 2010s would run at scale: the public stock fueled by aid revenue, the recruiters paid by the head, the inflated placement claims, the students left holding debt and a worthless credential, and the regulator’s hand on the federal tap as the only thing that finally stopped it. Corinthian, ITT Tech, and the rest were a decade away. Computer Learning Centers had already shown how the machine was built — and how it broke.
Trump University was a real-estate “education” venture founded by Donald Trump and incorporated in 2004, which began offering seminars in May 2005 and stopped operating around 2010. It is included in this encyclopedia of closed colleges to mark a distinction, not to honor a peer: it was never an accredited university, never a chartered college, never a degree-granting institution of any kind. It enrolled no matriculated students, conferred no credits, awarded no degrees, and drew no federal student aid. It was a series of sales seminars that used the word “university” as a marketing device — and the gap between that word and the reality is the entire case.
The product was a pitch. Members of the public were drawn by advertising to free introductory events, where they were upsold to a 1,495-dollar three-day seminar, and from there pressed toward “Elite” mentorship packages costing as much as roughly 35,000 dollars. The promise was that they would learn Donald Trump’s personal real-estate investing strategies from instructors he had “handpicked.” Investigators and litigation later established that Trump handpicked none of the instructors and had little role in the curriculum, and that the central claims — the Trump-designed method, the expert mentors, the path to wealth — were not true. About 7,000 people paid.
Regulators objected first to the name. As early as 2005, New York State education officials warned that calling the venture a “university” violated state law, because it was not chartered or licensed as one. New York pressed the point for years; in 2010 the operation renamed itself the “Trump Entrepreneur Initiative,” and it wound down its seminars that same year. The legal reckoning came after. In 2013 the New York attorney general sued Trump, the company, and its president, Michael Sexton, alleging a 40-million-dollar fraud through a “sham” university; two class actions proceeded in California on behalf of paying customers. After Trump won the 2016 presidential election, the three cases settled in November 2016 for a total of 25 million dollars, with a federal judge approving the deal in 2017 and finalizing it in 2018 over a single objector. Trump admitted no wrongdoing.
What was lost here is not a campus, a faculty, or a community — there were none. What was lost was about 7,000 people’s money, paid for an education that did not exist, sold under a word designed to make them believe it did. The lesson Trump University holds for this encyclopedia is precisely that it was not a college at all, and that the most effective fraud in for-profit education can be simply to borrow the vocabulary of one.